10 Years of Paris Agreement:
The Paris Agreement(2015) completed ten years in November 2025, triggering a global re-evaluation of its effectiveness and relevance.The Paris Agreement is a legally binding global climate agreement adopted in 2015 (21st Conference of the Parties (COP)) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.It replaced the Kyoto Protocol, expanding climate responsibility to all countries. It aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C, with efforts to restrict it to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Every five years, countries submit updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), outlining plans for emission reduction (mitigation) and climate resilience (adaptation).
In 2023, the first Global Stocktake concluded at COP28, calling for faster action on mitigation, adaptation, and climate finance by 2030, including a push to transition away from fossil fuels.Countries are encouraged to submit long-term low-emission development strategies, though these are voluntary. The Paris Rulebook, finalised at COP24 (Katowice, Poland) and COP26 (Glasgow, Scotland), laid down detailed rules for implementing the Agreement.
