International Seabed Authority : In News
After two weeks of negotiations, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is still far from finalising rules for the extraction of coveted metals on the high seas despite heightened pressure triggered by US efforts to fast-track the controversial practice.
- It is an autonomous international organization established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1994 Agreement).
- ISA, which has its headquarters in Kingston, Jamaica, came into existence on 16 November 1994, upon the entry into force of UNCLOS.
- Mandate is to regulate mining and related activities in the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction.
- The international seabed area the part which is under ISA jurisdiction is the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
- The international seabed area covers around 54 percent of the total area of the world’s oceans.
- ISA is the organization through which states parties to UNCLOS organize and control all mineral-resources-related activities in the international seabed area for the benefit of humankind as a whole.
- In so doing, ISA has the mandate to ensure the effective protection of the marine environment from harmful effects that may arise from deep-seabed-related activities.
- In accordance with UNCLOS, Article 156(2), all States Parties to UNCLOS are members of ISA.
- ISA has 169 members, including 168 member States and the European Union.
- The supreme authority of the ISA is the assembly, in which all ISA members are represented.
- The assembly sets general policies, establishes budgets, and elects a 36-member council, which serves as the ISA’s executive authority.
- The council approves contracts with private corporations and government entities for exploration and mining in specified areas of the international seabed.
- The council oversees implementation of the seabed provisions of the UNCLOS and establishes provisional rules and procedures (subject to approval by the assembly) by which the ISA exercises its regulatory authority.
- The secretary-general of the ISA is nominated by the council and is elected by the assembly to a four-year term.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):
- UNCLOS, also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is an international agreement that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities.
- It lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans and seas, establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.
- UNCLOS became effective on 16th November 1982.
